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貨期:
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用途:
For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) referred to as A-to-I RNA editing. This may affect gene expression and function in a number of ways that include mRNA translation by changing codons and hence the amino acid sequence of proteins; pre-mRNA splicing by altering splice site recognition sequences; RNA stability by changing sequences involved in nuclease recognition; genetic stability in the case of RNA virus genomes by changing sequences during viral RNA replication; and RNA structure-dependent activities such as microRNA production or targeting or protein-RNA interactions. Can edit both viral and cellular RNAs and can edit RNAs at multiple sites (hyper-editing) or at specific sites (site-specific editing). Its cellular RNA substrates include: bladder cancer-associated protein (BLCAP), neurotransmitter receptors for glutamate (GRIA2 and GRIK2) and serotonin (HTR2C), GABA receptor (GABRA3) and potassium voltage-gated channel (KCNA1). Site-specific RNA editing of transcripts encoding these proteins results in amino acid substitutions which consequently alter their functional activities. Edits GRIA2 at both the Q/R and R/G sites efficiently but converts the adenosine in hotspot1 much less efficiently. Can exert a proviral effect towards human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and enhances its replication via both an editing-dependent and editing-independent mechanism. The former involves editing of adenosines in the 5'UTR while the latter occurs via suppression of EIF2AK2/PKR activation and function. Can inhibit cell proliferation and migration and can stimulate exocytosis.; Has a lower catalytic activity than isoform 2.; Has a higher catalytic activity than isoform 1.
基因功能參考文獻:
Adenosine-to-inosine editing in human miRNAs is enriched in seed sequence, influenced by sequence contexts and significantly hypoedited in glioblastoma multiforme, which correlated with downregulation of ADAR2. PMID: 28550310
The deaminase domain-RNA contact surfaces are reviewed and models of how full length ADARs, bearing double stranded RNA-binding domains (dsRBDs) and deaminase domains, could process naturally occurring substrate RNAs are presented. PMID: 28217931
2-way interaction between TPH2 rs4290270 and general traumas revealed that TT homozygotes with history of general traumas had an increased risk for suicide attempt. 3-way interaction of general traumas, TPH2 rs4290270 and ADARB1 rs4819035 indicated that highest predisposition to suicide attempt was observed in individuals who experienced general traumas and were TT homozygote for rs4290270 and TT homozygote for rs4819035. PMID: 28084537
Four crystal structures of the human ADAR2 deaminase domain bound to RNA duplexes bearing a mimic of the deamination reaction intermediate. PMID: 27065196
we determined the importance of specific amino acids at 19 different positions in the ADAR2 5' binding loop and revealed six residues that provide essential structural elements supporting the fold of the loop and key RNA-binding functional groups. This work provided new insight into RNA recognition by ADAR2 and established a new tool for defining structure-function relationships in ADAR reactions. PMID: 27614075
Data indicate that ADAR2 suppresses tumor growth and induces apoptosis by editing and stabilizing IGFBP7 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 28035363
These findings suggest that adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 2 is subject to different regulations by DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase enzymes in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. PMID: 26485095
These data suggest that, like ADAR2, underlying sequences in dsRNA may influence how NF90 recognizes its target RNAs PMID: 26712564
Detailed structural analysis indicates that the minor groove width of dsRNA and global shape of RNA may play an important role in the specific reading mechanism of ADAR2. PMID: 26252972
we conclude that this aberrant alternative splicing pattern of ADAR2 downregulates A-to-I editing in glioma PMID: 25873329
ADARB1 rs9983925 and rs4819035 and HTR2C rs6318 were associated with suicide attempt risk. PMID: 25732952
ADAR2 is a key factor for maintaining edited-miRNA population and balancing the expression of several essential miRNAs involved in cancer. PMID: 25582055
The ADAR2 alternative splicing variants may be correlated with the invasiveness of gliomas. PMID: 24509948
Characterization of the ADAR2 catalytic domain-RNA interaction. PMID: 25564529
ADAR2-mediated editing of the complementary antisense transcripts is a novel mechanism for regulating the biogenesis of specific miRNAs during hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID: 24386085
altered RNA editing efficiency of AMPA receptors due to down-regulation of ADAR2 has a possible role in the pathophysiology of mental disorders. PMID: 24443933
The results represent the first evidence that the ADAR1 p150 isoform is the determinant of DSH and may give insight into the currently unknown mechanisms involved in the development of DSH. PMID: 23621630
Findings demonstrate that post-transcriptional A-to-I RNA editing might be crucial for glioblastoma pathogenesis, identify ADAR2-editing enzyme as a candidate tumor suppressor gene and provide proof that ADAR2 may represent a suitable target. PMID: 22525274
ADAR2 activity does not consistently change due to the overexpression or knockdown of TDP-43 or the expression of abnormal TDP-43 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) motor neurons. PMID: 22414730
ADAR2 activity at the GluA2 pre-mRNA Q/R site correlates with the ADAR2 mRNA level relative to the GluA2 pre-mRNA in different cultured cell lines. PMID: 22366356
These results indicated that ADAR2 downregulation is a profound pathological change relevant to death of motor neurons in ALS. PMID: 22226999
The strong functional similarity of human ADAR2 and Drosophila Adar suggests rather that these are true orthologs. PMID: 21622951
The authors found that, analogously to ADAR1, ADAR2 enhances the release of progeny virions by an editing-dependent mechanism. PMID: 21289159
Elucidation of the molecular mechanism underlying the co-occurrence of reduced ADAR2 activity and abnormal TDP-43 pathology in the same motor neurons may provide a clue to the neurodegenerative process of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PMID: 20372915
The high conservation of the novel ADAR2 alternative exon in mammals indicates a physiological importance for this exon. PMID: 20215858
Adenosine to inosine RNA editing requires formation of a ternary complex on the GluR-B R/G site PMID: 12163487
short inhibitory RNA-mediated knockdown of host ADAR1 expression but not that of ADAR2 led to decreased HDV amber/W editing and virus production PMID: 12414985
the Q/R site of GluRs editing is regulated in a regional manner and the GluR2 Q/R site editing is critically regulated by ADAR2 in human brain PMID: 12859334
assayed enzymatic activity of N-terminal deletion constructs of hADAR2 to determine the role of the double-stranded RNA binding motifs and the intervening linker peptide PMID: 15383678
Inositol hexakisphosphate is buried within the catalytic domain of ADAR2 and is required for editing of transfer RNA. PMID: 16141067
results show that bipolar affective disorder may not be caused by mutations in ADARB1. PMID: 16733555
Serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity of active Behcet's disease (BD) was higher than that of inactive BD (P < 0.01), but erythrocyte ADA activity was found to be lower in active BD than inactive BD (P < 0.01). PMID: 16961545
CD26 and cell surface adenosine deaminase are selectively expressed on ALK-positive, but not on ALK-negative, anaplastic large cell lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma PMID: 17071493
The CTD of POLR2A and ADAR2 function together to enforce the order of events that allows editing to precede splicing, and they furthermore suggest a new role for the CTD as a coordinator of two interdependent pre-mRNA processing events. PMID: 17525170
Reference values of serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) in normal pregnancy may provide important database for making clinical decisions in pregnancies complicated by conditions where cellular immunity has been altered. PMID: 17728516
analysis of a splice variant that extends the open reading frame of ADAR2 by 49 amino acids through the utilization of an exon located 18 kilobases upstream of the previously annotated first coding exon and driven by a candidate alternative promoter PMID: 19156214
our understanding of the importance of functional groups found in the edited nucleotide and the role of specific active site residues of ADAR2 PMID: 19642681
Highly expressed in brain and heart and at lower levels in placenta. Fair expression in lung, liver and kidney. Detected in brain, heart, kidney, lung and liver (at protein level).; [Isoform 5]: Highly expressed in hippocampus and colon. Expressed in pedi